The current study was conducted in Elsemeih Agricultural Scheme in North Kordofan State. The objectives of the study were to determine the optimum cropping pattern that maximizes farmer's income, to know the food security situation, and to identify the gross margin of crops grown in the scheme. The study depended mainly on primary data which was collected for the 2012/ 2013 season by direct interviewing of respondents through simple random sampling technique using a structured questionnairez. The data were analyzed via descriptive statistical analysis, gross margin analysis, linear programming model (L.P) and household economy approach (HEA). The results of gross margin analysis indicated a positive acceptable gross margin for all crops grown in the scheme. The results of linear programming model showed the optimum cropping pattern in the area was which to allocate 2.40, 2.14, 2.91 feddans for cotton, sorghum and tomato respectively to get maximum gross margin of 1990.57 SDG. Food security situation showed that daily energy received per person was 1522 k.Cal. which was found to be below the recommended amount by WHO. This indicates food insecurity in the area. Many scenarios were conducted for the basic solution of the linear programming model to measure the effects of change of cost of production, crops prices, and labor use on the optimum cropping pattern. According to the results of these scenarios farmer’s gross margin will increase if the costs of production decreases, market prices increases and labor use increases by 20% each. The study recommends the adoption of the optimum cropping pattern that that sugest the production of cotton, sorghum and tomato, beside the improvement of education level, and extension services in the scheme.

The effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity, its impact on liver histopathology, hematological and biochemical changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromius niloticus) were studied. The amelioration effects of Spirulina platensis and Chitosan were investigated through a semi-static acute toxicity test developed with mercury chloride (HgCl2). Fingerlings (4.45 ± 0.31 cm and 2.35 ± 0.18g) were kept during 96 hours in 5-liter glass aquaria, according to the following mercury concentrations, set up in three replicates: 0.00 (control 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 mg Hg L1. The 96 h LC50 value for Hg in O. niloticus fingerlings was calculated by the simple graphic method to be 0.30 mg HgCl2 L-1. Fish exposed to Hg resulted in significant reduction (P< 0.05) of the erythrocyte count (RBCs), hemoglobin content (Hb) and hematocrit value (Hct). Significant changes in plasma aspartate aminotranseferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were observed in fingerlings exposed to Hg. Results also, indicated that the addition of Spirulina platensis or chitosan to the Hg polluted media reduced significantly (P<0.05) Hg level in aquarium’s water as compared to that of Hg alone. They improve the hematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, Hct) and ameliorate the toxic effect of Hg in the aquatic environment.

Privatization is a process in which economic enterprises monitoring by the government are assigned to the private sector. It has improved the performance of companies and enterprises based on the experience of other countries, and also economic theory propounded during the past several decades. One of the main objectives of privatization is improving efficiency and increasing productivity in different countries. Hence the present study explored the effects of privatization of public enterprises in Iran through the Tehran Stock Exchange by the analysis of this type of company stock returns using an analytical – empirical method. By examining the financial documents of private companies in Statistical year book of Tehran Stock Exchange, the stock return before and after privatization and statistical data required were collected. Then using SPSS software, given the data distribution, nonparametric tests was performed. Based on statistical analyzes conducted it was found that generally the efficiency of the divested companies, there is a significant difference before and after privatization. In general, summary of the statistical results of Sub-hypothesis test associated with the first original hypothesis suggests that the ratio of profitability of state enterprises transferred to the private sector before and after transferring has a significant difference in terms of all the criteria used in the present study. Also, the results of associated test with second main hypothesis indicates that there is a significant difference among five-year average efficiency state enterprises stocks assigned to the private sector before and after transferring . Finally, regarding the results of all three ratio return on assets, return on investment, return on equity found that it has been a significant relationship the ratio profitability of sales in the first two years after transferring (adaptation period), with the same average of six years later.

The excavation method of tunnels cause disturbing surrounding rocks of tunnels which it create stress relief in the rock masses. Therefore, condition of stress around tunnels depends on the amount of disturbance of rocks due to excavation. This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors (0 to 1) depends on excavation methods are analyzed using phase2 software and the amount of minimum stress and strength factor in around the tunnel is determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the minimum stress and strength factor around the tunnel has decreased and the most decrease has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Accordingly, using very poor quality blasting method will be caused that the minimum stress around the tunnel reduce to zero which it cause the extrusion of tunnel face and collapse of tunnel.

Speaking is the most important and essential matter for foreign language learner or EFL learner. This study has found the effect of self-confidence on Iranian EFL learner`s speaking capability. This study has 11 students and takes them treatment based on self-confidence .The data analyzed through paired sample T-Test and showed facts of positive effect of confidence on Iranian EFL learner`s speaking ability. The term is related to several factors such as context differences and the teacher can increase self confidence in EFL learner. Confidence is the most important things to speaking and previous linguistics is need for this skill.we need to know background knowledge of linguistics form for communicating and theability to communicat in real situation until understanding another language in best form.